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Dave--
Quick question here. I've noticed a lot of flaw-type questions have answer choices similar to B..."the ambiguity of the term 'highest priority'." I've also noticed that these answer choices are almost never correct. Can you think of questions where a correct answer has involved a term being used ambiguously? Just curious!

Yes. The politician in 34.3.12 provides an example of the Equivocation Error.

I chose answer A by mistaking the flaw to be parts to a whole. I understood your explanation and I agree, however I would like to solidify why I shouldn't have given A a second thought and crossed it off entirely. Thank you in advance!

I think the best way for you to do that is to have a clearer conception of what the part/whole flaw is. Then you'll know it when you see it, and you'll know when it isn't present.
Part/whole errors describe one or more parts of a whole (pepperoni is delicious, and hot fudge is also delicious), then applies that description to the whole itself (thus, this pepperoni-and-hot-fudge pizza is sure to be delicious).
Here, the manager is claiming that her department is necessary to the company (without it, the company would fail), instead of saying that the whole company shares the same characteristics as her department ("salespeople are outgoing and gregarious, so our company is an outgoing and gregarious company").
Clearer?